{"id":10604,"date":"2023-03-14T19:27:37","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T18:27:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maritimafrica.com\/en\/?p=10604"},"modified":"2023-03-14T19:27:37","modified_gmt":"2023-03-14T18:27:37","slug":"a-clash-of-doctrine-vbss-in-the-western-indian-ocean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maritimafrica.com\/en\/a-clash-of-doctrine-vbss-in-the-western-indian-ocean\/","title":{"rendered":"A Clash of Doctrine: VBSS in the Western Indian Ocean"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
230307-N-FV745-1068 RAVLUNDA, Sweden (June 7, 2022) A International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) agent discusses training items with members of the Georgian Coastguard Service members and members of the Mauritius Police Force (MPF) during exercise Cutlass Express 23, March 7, 2022. Cutlass Express 2023, conducted by U.S. Naval Forces Africa (NAVAF) and sponsored by U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) is designed to assess and improve combined maritime law enforcement techniques, promote safety and security in the Western Indian Ocean, and increase interoperability between participating nations. U.S. Sixth Fleet, headquartered in Naples, Italy, conducts the full spectrum of joint and naval operations, often in concert with allied and interagency partners, in order to advance U.S. national interests and security and stability in Europe and Africa. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Daniel James Lanari\/Released)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Within the Bandari Maritime Academy of Mombasa, Kenya, participants in exercise Cutlass Express 2023, hailing from Djibouti, Georgia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, United Kingdom, and the United States, gathered to address a common challenge \u2013 Visit, Board, Search and Seizure.<\/p>\n

The game is in the name \u2013 operators visit suspect vessels; board them, sometimes with crews brandishing guns; search them, looking for smuggled goods or people; and seize them, returning suspects to police forces for further evidence collection.<\/p>\n

Often, when militaries look at how to train VBSS capabilities, they focus on the VB \u2013 \u2018how do we best arm and train our people to board non-compliant vessels.\u2019 It\u2019s a lot of gun, boat, hand-to-hand, and room clearing training, and aligns with the foundations of their military training. What\u2019s more difficult is the criminal investigation piece, or the SS in VBSS. Militaries, and navy\u2019s especially, aren\u2019t great at civilian-style law enforcement \u2013 they\u2019re not trained for it, they\u2019re not practiced in it, and it\u2019s not a part of the mission set. Except when it is.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a clash of doctrine,\u201d said Felipe Ramos, an International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) criminal intelligence officer. \u201cIn the navy, you clear the scene, so you go everywhere, you search the whole vessel. In crime scene preservation, we say \u2018touch the minimum you can.\u2019 Our job as instructors, and their job as military first responders, is to reach a balance between what is doable and be realistic about what you can do. But it can be hard to find that balance, because the training many navies receive is military training. It\u2019s about stopping the threat and taking control of the situation. For law enforcement, it\u2019s more about minimizing the threat, and minimizing the damage to the scene.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ramos is a former captain of Rio de Janeiro\u2019s state police department, and currently works as part of INTERPOL\u2019s Project Compass \u2013 an International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs funded, collaborative project that links regional governments and international organizations in combating illicit maritime activity. In his role, he\u2019s seen what happens when the balance shifts away from law enforcement.<\/p>\n

\u201c[For some crimes] like trafficking in human beings, or international drug trafficking, the national navies are often the first responders. They are the police officers, especially when the country doesn\u2019t have a coast guard,\u201d Ramos said. \u201cBut without the necessary skills to handle evidence and interview witnesses, a lot of evidence can be lost. Then, if it becomes an investigation afterwards, and eventually a case to be tried, it\u2019s hard to convict if the evidence wasn\u2019t meticulously handled from the start. So the idea here is to keep that law-enforcement perspective when they are intervening.\u201d<\/p>\n

That\u2019s the challenge most navies face \u2013 the balance between military and law enforcement perspectives in an intervention. What\u2019s interesting about this year\u2019s VBSS training is how the law enforcement perspective is baked into every engagement.<\/p>\n

The VBSS portion of Cutlass Express 2023 comprises multiple scenarios, executed with nuance. The Georgian, and the U.K. Royal Navy gave academic training on the techniques, tools, and trade skills they use to board a vessel while the U.S. Coast Guard briefed participants on how to operate a Maritime Operations Center. One moment, the Royal Navy instructor would be giving a detailed explanation on how to respectfully search a female suspect, and in the next, go over how to search a bandaged suspect by offering them clean wrappings applied by a medical professional. More often-than-not, the academic floor is yielded to the participants, where service members from Comoros, Djibouti, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Mozambique discuss the real world situations they\u2019ve experienced, and how they\u2019ve responded.<\/p>\n

Then the classroom is vacated, and the teams split into different groups to tackle challenge areas. Some go to what\u2019s colloquially called the Ship in a Box, a simulated vessel, where Tunisian marine commandos teach room clearing techniques and climbing procedures for boarding a non-compliant vessel. Some will go to the pool, where U.S. Marines take them through an intensive survival swim course, culminating in a grappling-hook ladder climb and swiftly followed by a 15-foot jump back into the pool \u2013 in full uniform. Others will go to INTERPOL\u2019s course, where Ramos, along with the Project Compass team and an instructor from the U.S. Navy\u2019s Naval Criminal Investigative Service, provide hands-on training of first response, technical crime-scene management, and investigation mentorship. They also introduce training on INTERPOL\u2019s resources, methodologies, and intelligence analysis, to expand the operation from actors at-sea to organizers and financiers on land.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis first group should come out of this training with the necessary skills to respond with the consideration that they\u2019re responding to a crime scene,\u201d Ramos emphasized. \u201cThey won\u2019t be crime scene experts, but they\u2019ll have the skills to process a crime scene and preserve as much as possible as first responders.\u201d<\/p>\n

That\u2019s the first week of INTERPOL\u2019s training. The second pulls select candidates from each course, and gives them a break-neck, in-depth instruction on crime-scene management, witness interviewing, and utilizing modern and international investigative standards to preserve and document a crime scene. Essentially, these service members will be the first line of defense, and the test case, for the validity of crime scene management in the region\u2019s military services.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe end goal is the incorporation of these techniques in basic curriculum,\u201d Ramos emphasized. \u201cUse this as a pilot to bring the same training to, and integrate it within, the standing military curriculum. Everyone getting training in these navies should have a basic module in crime scene preservation. Otherwise, it\u2019s just someone coming in telling them to do something. But there\u2019s a difference between that, and inviting a crime scene investigation unit in their own police force to deliver a training. We\u2019ve had great success when we see that.\u201d<\/p>\n

But the knowledge wasn\u2019t a one-way street – a Mauritius Coast Guardsmen, specializing in boarding and noncompliant suspect evolutions, beamed when talking about the different ways he could prove drugs are in a barrel of gasoline \u2013 his favorite is rolling it and listening for clanks or sloshes. A Georgian Coast Guardsman and a Mozambique Navy sailor discussed the differences in boarding techniques on different styles of boats through a translator \u2013 speaking English and Portuguese respectively, and both their second languages. Across the room, a U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Operations Center instructor listened to a translator, as a French-speaking Madagascar Navy sailor broke down the practicalities of operating in East African waters \u2013 the Coast Guardsmen empathized, and gave equally practical advice on how he\u2019d tackled those issues in his own branch. A U.S. Navy corpsman and Georgian medic debated the tactics of retrieving a wounded service member during a firefight, both agreeing it depended on the situation.<\/p>\n

That corpsman was attached to U.S. Marines from Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team, Central Command (FASTCENT). The lead for that team, Capt. Tyler Carpenter, was an integral piece to the success of this year\u2019s VBSS training. His Marines offered insight, but didn\u2019t dominate the field \u2013 when it came to amphibious warfare, they\u2019re experts, and taught accordingly. But they deferred to Tunisia special forces on room clearing, to INTERPOL on crime scene management, and to the Royal Navy on modern practices in searching and apprehending suspects for detainment. Equally important, when one of the participants spoke about the real-world engagements they experienced, they listened and learned.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s really a forum to discuss VBSS, and to learn from another,\u201d Carpenter said. \u201cThis is an incredibly unique opportunity on the table. All of the organizations and national militaries in that room (gesturing to the conference center, where the bulk of discussion was taking place) \u2013 it\u2019s incredibly rare that we get to be in the same place at the same time. It\u2019s a unique opportunity to exchange real-world experience on a very expansive level, across government, non-government, regional and international organizations.\u201d<\/p>\n

The lessons were practical, but the trust was built behind-the-scenes. On the first day, while a Tunisian marine commando strapped a harness across a Djiboutian Navy sailor, another Djiboutian started arguing with a Kenyan Army ranger. It was friendly \u2013 the French-speaking Djiboutian was challenging the English-speaking Kenyan to a push up contest. His friends egging him on, the Djiboutian dropped. So did the Kenyan, toothpick still in his mouth, first onto his knuckles, and then flat-palmed. Their pace was frantic, and soon a crowd of Djiboutian, Tunisian, and Kenyan service members, alongside a smattering of U.S. Marines, stopped, watched and cheered at the two. The Kenyan beat him \u2013 the battered Djiboutian needled his friend into it, and after another loss, they started gesturing at the U.S. Marine. With a laughing shake of his head, he shut it down.<\/p>\n

Hours earlier and only a few 100 feet away, Mauritius Coast Guard Police Constable Elise Pascal, a boarding party member for noncompliant and opposed boarding, looked around, reflecting on the spectacle of it all.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor me, it\u2019s meeting everyone that has enhanced this experience,\u201d Pascal said. \u201cAll the knowledge sharing, and learning about the difficulties others face, what we can upgrade in our own search and interventions, from both a safety and legal aspect \u2013 it\u2019s a unique experience.\u201d<\/p>\n

The end-goal is to create a standard in the region \u2013 whether you\u2019re a Mauritius Coast Guardsman, or a Djiboutian Navy Sailor, you board with the same expert precision, preserve the crime scene meticulously, and turn over the evidence and suspects successfully for further prosecution. But there\u2019s also an ulterior motive \u2013 two actually. This exercise, and the VBSS portion isn\u2019t about small scale education. It\u2019s about bringing people together, and training the trainers.<\/p>\n

\u201cI have nearly 30 years of service \u2013 but at very different stations, mostly ships, or the land and beach police force. VBSS, at the level that he does it, is rare for me,\u201d said Mauritius Navy Corp. Ramdhun Dharamraj, gesturing across the table to Pascal. \u201cAt the post level, it\u2019s rare, but what I\u2019m gaining here, I will share with my friends back home, with the people I work with. I am enhancing my experience \u2013 after this, I\u2019m going to all the younger ones and we\u2019ll do the same as I learned here. Apply the same lessons, and learn from it to be better overall.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ramos, sleep soundly. The exercise \u2013 or at least the VBSS portion \u2013 was a success.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

By Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Cameron C. Edy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Within the Bandari Maritime Academy of Mombasa, Kenya, participants<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10605,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,1889,442],"tags":[1493,1369,2016,1306,216,31,32,1485],"class_list":["post-10604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-kenya-en","category-news","tag-africa-en","tag-coast-guards","tag-cutlass-express","tag-indian-ocean-en","tag-kenya","tag-maritimafrica","tag-maritime","tag-maritime-in-africa"],"yoast_head":"\nA Clash of Doctrine: VBSS in the Western Indian Ocean - Maritimafrica<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/maritimafrica.com\/en\/a-clash-of-doctrine-vbss-in-the-western-indian-ocean\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Clash of Doctrine: VBSS in the Western Indian Ocean - 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